Notes from Chambers

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Atty. Carlo Rafael Torres, LL.M.

Atty. Carlo Rafael Torres, LL.M.

Determining Authorship in Social Media Accounts

Determining Authorship in Social Media Accounts

The seven guideposts in XXX v. People, G.R. No. 274842 (22 October 2025) are not arbitrary evidentiary rules. Each is grounded in the principle that criminal liability requires proof beyond reasonable doubt of the identity of the perpetrator, and that social media accounts are susceptible to impersonation, fabrication, hacking,

Illegal Dismissal in the Philippines: What Employees and Employers Need to Know

Illegal Dismissal in the Philippines: What Employees and Employers Need to Know

Table of Contents * - What is illegal dismissal? * - What counts as a valid reason to dismiss an employee? * - What is constructive dismissal? * - What can an illegally dismissed employee recover? * - Who has the burden of proof? * - How do you file an illegal dismissal case? * - What employers get wrong most often * - When to